distinctiveness psychology memory
Patients with damage to the prefrontal c… See the hippocampus and memory. The different item always occurs late in the list, to allow the similarity of the preceding items to establish a context. The basic laboratory technique for studying distinctiveness effect in memory is the isolation paradigm, a simple test in which a list of items is presented for memorization. All Rights Reserved. The link was not copied. In fact, the isolation effect and the intuitive explanation have applied to most other memory phenomena that fall under the rubric of bizarreness, salience, and novelty. Framework, 5 Reducing Memory Errors: The results revealed that distinctive forenames were more memorable than typical forenames and that that this distinctiveness effect was present only in the subjective experience of remembering. Memory: A Comparison of the Social and Cognitive Literatures, 15 1 Making Distinctiveness Models of Memory Distinct IAN NEATH1 and GORDON D. A. BROWN2 1Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA 2University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Roddy is well known for many different contributions to experimental psychology in general and to the study of memory in particular. 18 Figure 1. The ultimate effect of this independent variable, enhanced memory, results from extraordinary attention. This refers to the ability to better recall and remember events that are unusual, uncommon, and distinct. contact us Processing, 7 Conceptual Implicit Memory and the Item-Specific–Relational intuitive-differential attention, doi:10.1080/09541440500162065], has demonstrated primacy and recency effects in implicit memory using an indirect memory test. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content. According to this theory, information processed after the encoding of TBR material will reduce the temporal distinctiveness of the TBR information. The basic laboratory technique for studying distinctiveness effect in memory is the isolation paradigm, a simple test in which a list of items is presented for memorization. With two exceptions, the remaining chapters are presented in sections focused on research on connected concepts of bizarreness, the role of distinctiveness processing in dissociations between explicit and implicit memory tests, the role of distinctiveness in memory across the life span, distinctiveness in the context of social psychology, and the neuroscience of distinctiveness. Creation of a memory code that makes that memory distinct from other memories Encoding specificity principle A theory that states that the effectiveness of a retrieval cue depends on how well it relates to the initial encoding of an item Resolution of Discrepant Memory Strengths: An Explanation of the Effects Another concept using distinctiveness is contextual distinctiveness. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Intuitions often instigate important discoveries in psychology; but left unexamined, intuitions also can become an impediment to progress. Distinctiveness and Implicit Memory Tests, IV Distinctiveness and Memory Distinction, 10 The Distinctiveness and Memory: Comments and a Point of View, 1 The Many models of memory assume that the probability of remembering an item is related to how distinctive that item is relative to all the other items in the set, with no … Abstract. , and if you can't find the answer there, please Distinctiveness Effects in Children's Memory, 12 Since 1948, succeeding theories have accepted and perpetuated their explanation. . (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2021. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. date: 13 March 2021. This requires knowledge of the individual and their typical behaviors - this is called distinctiveness information. Framework, 5 Reducing Memory Errors: Attractiveness and distinctiveness constitute facial features with high biological and social relevance. 18 What Do Explanations of the Distinctiveness Effect Need to Explain? Assessing Distinctiveness: Measures of Item-Specific and Relational Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2012, DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169669.001.0001, PRINTED FROM OXFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (oxford.universitypressscholarship.com). A distinctive event attracts attention, and the additional processing enhances memory. Processing, 7 The different item always occurs late in the list, to allow the similarity of the preceding items to establish a context. All items except one are similar in some way. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Encoding and Retrieval Processes in Distinctiveness Effects: Toward an Integrative Framework 5. Concept of Distinctiveness in Memory Research, 2 If you think you should have access to this title, please contact your librarian. In the next phase, 20 digits appeared on the screen for 20 seconds. 19 Distinctiveness and Memory: Comments and a Point of View, Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: March 2012, DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169669.001.0001. We tend to remember oddballs pretty well. The result is a much needed restructuring of the theories. Temporal distinctiveness theory, by contrast, proposes that the retrievability of items depends on their isolation in psychological time. Processes in Distinctiveness Effects: Toward an Integrative For instance, If Shanon chews gum only when she eats outside; distinctiveness of her behavior is high. In this definition, distinctiveness is a property of an event; it is essentially an independent variable. Positive distinctiveness is a component of Social Identity Theory and is when a social group is made to appear more positive and valued by using verbal and non-verbal cues. Substrates. Southeastern Louisiana University. distinctiveness, In the concluding chapter, Fergus Craik offers his current perspective on distinctiveness and evaluates the various other theories of distinctiveness presented in the volume. In 1948, Jenkins and Postman offered the intuitive-differential attention explanation to account for this difference in memory, that an item is remembered because it catches the subject's attention by violating the established context, so leads the subject to devote additional processing to it. FAQs All items except one are similar in some way. His recollection was perfect. 19 All Rights Reserved. NLM Title Abbreviation. Modelling Distinctiveness: Implications for General Memory Theory 3. Effects of Social Distinctiveness: The Phenomenology of Being in a Everyone knows that distinctive events are well remembered and everyone knows why. The intuitive theory rests on a broad operational definition of distinctiveness as an event that violates the prevailing context. The production effect in memory: evidence that distinctiveness underlies the benefit The production effect is the substantial benefit to memory of having studied information aloud as opposed to silently. Other Unusual Events: Evidence from Script Research, 9 Human Learning and Memory [01 May 1981, 7(3):181-190] Type: Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Journal Article. The ultimate effect of this independent variable, enhanced memory, results from extraordinary attention. Distinctiveness Effect in Explicit and Implicit Memory, 11 Resolution of Discrepant Memory Strengths: An Explanation of the Effects The Distinctiveness Heuristic, 6 Keywords: extent to which a specific action engaged in by an individual is unusual or uncommon for that particular individual Again, Simon got the… of Bizarreness on Memory, 8 Memory for Bizarre and Specifically, when the distinctiveness of a trace relative to the background of other traces diminishes, the potential for interference among like traces increases. More. Introduction. Distinctiveness Effect in Explicit and Implicit Memory, 11 To that end, the remember‐know paradigm was used to measure people's experiences of recollection or familiarity. This chapter offers an analysis of the term distinctiveness as it is used in memory research. In this definition, distinctiveness is a property of an event; it is essentially an independent variable. Memory Without Consolidation: Temporal Distinctiveness Explains Retroactive Interference Ullrich K. H. Ecker,a Gordon D. A. Brown,b Stephan Lewandowskyc aSchool of Psychology, University of Western, Australia bDepartment of Psychology, University of Warwick cSchool of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, and School of Psychology, memory and also support a general prediction of the relative distinctiveness principle that serial position functions should obtain whenever a set of items are ordered along a relevant dimension. intuitions, distinctiveness, memory, intuitive theory, attention, isolation effect. I BASIC ISSUES 1. (pp. Distinctiveness, and Memory, 4 Encoding and Retrieval Oxford Scholarship Online requires a subscription or purchase to access the full text of books within the service. Memory: A Comparison of the Social and Cognitive Literatures, 15 Distinctiveness effects, however, have been demonstrated mainly in the verbal domain. Distinctiveness and Memory: Comments and a Point of View. University of Texas, San Antonio, James B. Worthen, editor What Do Explanations of the Distinctiveness Effect Need to Explain? The Concept of Distinctiveness in Memory Research: 2. - "Distinctiveness models of memory and absolute identification: Evidence for local, not global, effects" An experimental example of this idea is the Von Restorff effect. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Assessing Distinctiveness: Measures of Item-Specific and Relational The distinctiveness is low if person behaves in the similar manner in all situations and vice versa. Please heed the following notice, which applies to all models on this page (but not to implementations of SIMPLE): ... Johnson's Distinctiveness Model (Johnson, 1991) MINERVA 2 (Hintzman, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988) Murdock's Distinctiveness Model (Murdock, 1960) Distinctiveness Effects in Children's Memory, 12 of Bizarreness on Memory, 8 Memory for Bizarre and Reducing Memory Errors: The Distinctiveness Heuristic 6. Without the medial temporal lobe, one is able to form new procedural memories (such as playing the piano) but cannot remember the events during which they happened. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. Modeling Distinctiveness: Implications for General Memory Theory, 3 Emotion, Significance, The production effect (PE) documents the improvement in explicit memory for words that were produced aloud during study relative to words that were merely read silently (MacLeod, 2011). memory, 18 125-140). In attribution theory, distinctiveness is when a behavior or action by an individual is judged by another to be common or unusual. Research relevant to the topic of distinctiveness and memory has a history that dates back over 100 years and boasts a literature of well over 2,000 published articles. 1 The Concept of Distinctiveness in Memory Research, 2 Modeling Distinctiveness: Implications for General Memory Theory, 3 Emotion, Significance, Distinctiveness, and Memory, 4 Encoding and Retrieval Processes in Distinctiveness Effects: Toward an Integrative Framework, 5 Reducing Memory Errors: The Distinctiveness Heuristic, 6 Assessing Distinctiveness: Measures of Item-Specific and Relational Processing, 7 Resolution of Discrepant Memory Strengths: An Explanation of the Effects of Bizarreness on Memory, 8 Memory for Bizarre and Other Unusual Events: Evidence from Script Research, 9 Conceptual Implicit Memory and the Item-Specific–Relational Distinction, 10 The Distinctiveness Effect in Explicit and Implicit Memory, 11 Distinctiveness Effects in Children's Memory, 12 Adult Age Differences in Episodic Memory: Item-Specific, Relational, and Distinctive Processing, 13 The Effects of Social Distinctiveness: The Phenomenology of Being in a Group, 14 Distinctiveness and Memory: A Comparison of the Social and Cognitive Literatures, 15 Multiple Electrophysiological Indices of Distinctiveness, 17 Stimulus Novelty Effects on Recognition Memory: Behavioral Properties and Neuroanantomical Substrates. date: 13 March 2021. Distinctive Processing, 13 The An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in OSO for personal use. To troubleshoot, please check our It also reviews evidence showing that the isolation effect cannot be explained as the result of differential attention drawn by salience of the isolate. isolation paradigm, In 1948, Jenkins and Postman offered the intuitive-differential attention explanation to account for this difference in memory, that an item is remembered because it catche ... More. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. The different item always occurs late in the list, to allow the similarity of the preceding items to establish a context. Positive Distinctiveness. The memory‐enhancing effects of instructions designed to increase trace distinctiveness were much greater with phonemic than with semantic processing. Several studies have shown that recall performance depends on the extent to which an item differs from other items in a sequence (the distinctiveness effect; see, e.g., Kelley & Nairne, 2001). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, Vol 23(1), Jan 1997, 164-180. Throughout this history, numerous theories of distinctiveness and memory have been offered and subsequently refined, yet there has never been a published survey of the current state of the research. Distinctiveness, as defined by Murdock (1960), is the ease with which a stimulus may be discriminated from other stimuli within a series-- the degree of 'outstandingness' … The hypothesis that retention differences between semantic and phonemic encodings are in part attributable to greater distinctiveness of semantic encodings was investigated in two experiments. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 18, 398–414. memorisation, enhanced memory, Illustration of the predictions made by a global distinctiveness model of memory for absolute identification of a set of seven equally spaced tones (left column) and a set of seven tones where the middle tone is isolated from its neighbours (right column). In Experiment 1, we replicate this finding and in Experiment 2, we confirm a prediction that holds only if the serial position function observed in Experiment 1 was a “real” serial position function. This phenomenon, known as the distinctiveness effect (for a recent review, see Hunt & Worthen, 2006) has traditionally been considered to highlight the episodic nature of knowledge in episodic memory. The present study extends distinctiveness effects to the spatial domain. PRINTED FROM OXFORD SCHOLARSHIP ONLINE (oxford.universitypressscholarship.com). PMID: 22963045 1 Many studies on memory have shown that the more distinctive an item is compared to the other items to be learned, the easier and more accurately it can be recalled. subscribe Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content. Emotion, Significance, Distinctiveness and Memory 4. It is this additional processing that accounts for enhanced memory. On the first round, a computer generated 10 random digits—6 1 9 4 8 5 6 3 7 1—on a screen for 10 seconds. Effects of Social Distinctiveness: The Phenomenology of Being in a Thus a reduction in the distinctiveness of sources disrupted memory for the event source. (c) Copyright Oxford University Press, 2021. Schedules of presentation and temporal distinctiveness in human memory. Multiple Electrophysiological Indices of Distinctiveness, 17 Stimulus Novelty Effects DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169669.003.0001, III The formation of new episodic memories requires the medial temporal lobe, a structure that includes the hippocampus. Keywords: In 2013, Simon Reinhard sat in front of 60 people in a room at Washington University, where he memorized an increasingly long series of digits. 19 Subsequent memory for the different item is always better than for the similar items. All items except one are similar in some way. Group, 14 Distinctiveness and The role of distinctiveness is … isolation effect, Distinctiveness and Memory will be a valuable resource for student and professional researchers in neuroscience and cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16(2), 316–327. The Distinctiveness Heuristic, 6 Substrates. One of the things that is known to help memory is distinctiveness. Moreover, there was strong association between memory for the event and a measure of distinctiveness of sources, which takes into account both the number of confusable source and their apparent temporal spacing from the point of retrieval. The contributors to this volume argue that the intuitive-differential attention explanation and theories following from it are incorrect. Adult Age Differences in Episodic Memory: Item-Specific, Relational, and This chapter offers an analysis of the term distinctiveness as it is used in memory research. Recent research by MacLeod and his colleagues (e.g., MacLeod et al., 2010; Forrin et al., 2012; Ozubko et al., 2012) has not only revived interest in a little-known finding from the 70s and 80s of the last century (Hopkins and Edwards, 1972; Conway and Gathercole, 1987), but it also provided a more rigorous definition of the phe… Postman, R. Reed Hunt, editor The link was not copied. Concept of Distinctiveness in Memory Research, 2 Public users can however freely search the site and view the abstracts and keywords for each book and chapter. Modeling Distinctiveness: Implications for General Memory Theory, 3 Emotion, Significance, The basic laboratory technique for studying distinctiveness effect in memory is the isolation paradigm, a simple test in which a list of items is presented for memorization. New York: Psychology Press. Distinctive Processing, 13 The on Recognition Memory: Behavioral Properties and Neuroanantomical Multiple Electrophysiological Indices of Distinctiveness, 17 Stimulus Novelty Effects Subsequent memory for the different item is always better than for the similar items. Processes in Distinctiveness Effects: Toward an Integrative Models of Memory. After the series disappeared, Simon typed them into his computer. Across the Life Span, VI The Neuroscience of Distinctiveness, and Memory, 4 Encoding and Retrieval What Do Explanations of the Distinctiveness Effect Need to Explain? An individual user may print out a PDF of a single chapter of a monograph in OSO for personal use. Other Unusual Events: Evidence from Script Research, 9 Journal of Experimental Psychology. Conceptual Implicit Memory and the Item-Specific–Relational or login to access all content. Group, 14 Distinctiveness and Unusual information is generally recalled better than common information (the distinctiveness effect). Please, subscribe or login to access full text content. Such seems to be the case for distinctiveness and memory, where both the data and theory are intuitive. Distinction, 10 The on Recognition Memory: Behavioral Properties and Neuroanantomical The purpose of the volume is to test these currently accepted theories by contrasting them with the results of current research on the processes supporting them. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Individuals seek to build and maintain positive distinctiveness for their group. Distinctiveness and Memory, 1 The Jenkins, The prefrontal cortex (and in particular the left hemisphere) is also involved in the formation of new episodic memories (also known as episodic encoding). Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Adult Age Differences in Episodic Memory: Item-Specific, Relational, and Assessing Distinctiveness: Measures of …