dextroamphetamine brand name
It belongs to the group of medicines called central nervous system (CNS) stimulants. for All" intended to convey that "it was meant to be kind of an inclusive thing" for marketing purposes. [11], The half-lives of amphetamine enantiomers differ and vary with urine pH. Some of these are: This amphetamine-based medication is commonly … [97][102][103] The most important transcription factors[note 8] that produce these alterations are Delta FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (ΔFosB), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). Transcription factors are proteins that increase or decrease the. Dextroamphetamine immediate-release tablets are available in different strengths (2.5 ,5 , 7.5, 10 mg, 15, 20, and 30)in mg while … [21] When amphetamine is taken up by VMAT2, the vesicle releases (effluxes) dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, among other monoamines, into the cytosol in exchange. [115] There was low- to moderate-strength evidence of no benefit for most of the other medications used in RCTs, which included antidepressants (bupropion, mirtazapine, sertraline), antipsychotics (aripiprazole), anticonvulsants (topiramate, baclofen, gabapentin), naltrexone, varenicline, citicoline, ondansetron, prometa, riluzole, atomoxetine, dextroamphetamine, and modafinil. Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances. [27] Pathological overactivation of the mesolimbic pathway, a dopamine pathway that connects the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, plays a central role in amphetamine addiction. The 95% confidence interval indicates that there is a 95% probability that the true number of deaths lies between 3,425 and 4,145. [173], The U.S. Air Force uses dextroamphetamine as one of its "go pills", given to pilots on long missions to help them remain focused and alert. Dextroamphetamine is also used to treat narcolepsy (a sleep disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden attacks of sleep). DEXEDRINE (dextroamphetamine sulfate) is the dextro isomer of the compound d,1-amphetamine sulfate, a sympathomimetic amine of the amphetamine group. Uses; … Dextroamphetamine is liberated from lisdexamfetamine enzymatically following contact with red blood cells. "[124] This review noted that withdrawal symptoms in chronic, high-dose users are frequent, occurring in roughly 88% of cases, and persist for 3–4 weeks with a marked "crash" phase occurring during the first week. [9][158] The known metabolic pathways, detectable metabolites, and metabolizing enzymes in humans include the following: Racemic amphetamine was first synthesized under the chemical name "phenylisopropylamine" in Berlin, 1887 by the Romanian chemist Lazar Edeleanu. It was not widely marketed until 1932, when the pharmaceutical company Smith, Kline & French (now known as GlaxoSmithKline) introduced it in the form of the Benzedrine inhaler for use as a bronchodilator. Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine combination is used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (uncontrollable desire for sleep or sudden attacks of deep sleep). Long-term amphetamine exposure at sufficiently high doses in some animal species is known to produce abnormal dopamine system development or nerve damage,[22][23] but, in humans with ADHD, pharmaceutical amphetamines, at therapeutic dosages, appear to improve brain development and nerve growth. Dextroamphetamine is in a class of medications called central nervous system stimulants. It is mainly used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in people over the age of five as well as moderate-to-severe binge eating disorder in adults. [59], Amphetamine has also been shown to produce a conditioned place preference in humans taking therapeutic doses,[37][80] meaning that individuals acquire a preference for spending time in places where they have previously used amphetamine. [124] Amphetamine withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, drug craving, depressed mood, fatigue, increased appetite, increased movement or decreased movement, lack of motivation, sleeplessness or sleepiness, and lucid dreams. Lisdexamfetamine is … Dextroamphetamine ER (Dexedrine Spansule) is an expensive drug used to treat attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ().This drug is less popular than comparable drugs. [31][40] A systematic review from 2014 found that low doses of amphetamine also improve memory consolidation, in turn leading to improved recall of information. [50][54][55] Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine in the central nervous system. According to a Cochrane review on withdrawal in individuals who compulsively use amphetamine and methamphetamine, "when chronic heavy users abruptly discontinue amphetamine use, many report a time-limited withdrawal syndrome that occurs within 24 hours of their last dose. [60][61][62] Large recreational doses of dextroamphetamine may produce symptoms of dextroamphetamine overdose. [136] Amphetamine modulates the activity of most psychoactive drugs. Generic Name: dextroamphetamine (DEX tro am FET a meen) Brand Name: Dexedrine Spansule, ProCentra, Zenzedi, Dexedrine, Dextrostat, Liquadd Dosage Forms: oral capsule, extended release (10 mg; 15 mg; 5 mg); oral solution (5 mg/5 mL); oral tablet (10 mg; 15 mg; 2.5 mg; 20 mg; 30 mg; 5 mg; 7.5 mg) Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on June 30, 2020. [136] Amphetamine may also decrease the effects of antihypertensives and antipsychotics due to its effects on blood pressure and dopamine respectively. Dextroamphetamine is available under the following different brand names: Dexedrine, ProCentra, and Zenzedi. US Brand Name. The first patented amphetamine brand, Benzedrine, was a racemic (i.e., equal parts) mixture of the free bases or sulfate salts of both amphetamine enantiomers (levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine) that was introduced in the United States in 1934 as an inhaler for treating nasal congestion. [167] In the United States, Dexedrine was approved to treat narcolepsy, attention disorders, and obesity. Dextroamphetamine is a generic, and it is sometimes abused both alone and with other drugs. In particular, amphetamine may decrease the effects of sedatives and depressants and increase the effects of stimulants and antidepressants. [59][51] In 2013, overdose on amphetamine, methamphetamine, and other compounds implicated in an "amphetamine use disorder" resulted in an estimated 3,788 deaths worldwide (3,425–4,145 deaths, 95% confidence). [130], An amphetamine overdose can result in a stimulant psychosis that may involve a variety of symptoms, such as delusions and paranoia. [31][30][32] Approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms. [30] Psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine are effective in treating ADHD because they increase neurotransmitter activity in these systems. [21], Dextroamphetamine (the dextrorotary enantiomer) and levoamphetamine (the levorotary enantiomer) have identical pharmacodynamics, but their binding affinities to their biomolecular targets vary. The conversion is rate-limited by the enzyme, which prevents high blood concentrations of dextroamphetamine and reduces lisdexamfetamine's drug liking and abuse potential at clinical doses. In Canada indications once included epilepsy and parkinsonism. [129][130] There is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans. [95][119] One review suggested that, based upon animal testing, pathological (addiction-inducing) psychostimulant use significantly reduces the level of intracellular magnesium throughout the brain. The conversion rate between lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse) to dextroamphetamine base is 29.5%.[202][203][204]. And, the generic manufacturing, packaging, and testing sites must pass the … [note 12][126], In rodents and primates, sufficiently high doses of amphetamine cause dopaminergic neurotoxicity, or damage to dopamine neurons, which is characterized by dopamine terminal degeneration and reduced transporter and receptor function. We comply with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information -, Search the entire Drugs.com site for dextroamphetamine. [64][59][65] It is also contraindicated in individuals with advanced arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries), glaucoma (increased eye pressure), hyperthyroidism (excessive production of thyroid hormone), or moderate to severe hypertension. Brand Names: Dexedrine, Dexedrine Spansule, Dextrostat, Liquadd, ProCentra, Zenzedi. [51][65] Tolerant individuals have been known to take as much as 5 grams of amphetamine in a day, which is roughly 100 times the maximum daily therapeutic dose. [39], In 2015, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of high quality clinical trials found that, when used at low (therapeutic) doses, amphetamine produces modest yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including working memory, long-term episodic memory, inhibitory control, and some aspects of attention, in normal healthy adults;[40][41] these cognition-enhancing effects of amphetamine are known to be partially mediated through the indirect activation of both dopamine receptor D1 and adrenoceptor α2 in the prefrontal cortex. [174][175][176][177] The Tarnak Farm incident was linked by media reports to the use of this drug on long term fatigued pilots. [59][51] Less common side effects include anxiety, change in libido, grandiosity, irritability, repetitive or obsessive behaviors, and restlessness;[sources 4] these effects depend on the user's personality and current mental state. Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotatory, or 'right-handed', enantiomer and exhibits more pronounced effects on the central nervous system than levoamphetamine. [31][44][45] Stimulants such as amphetamine can improve performance on difficult and boring tasks and are used by some students as a study and test-taking aid. It doesn’t have a brand-name version. [103] Most of the research on gene regulation and addiction is based upon animal studies with intravenous amphetamine administration at very high doses. [124] The review indicated that the severity of withdrawal symptoms is positively correlated with the age of the individual and the extent of their dependence. Dextroamphetamine comes in three forms: … Generic dextroamphetamine ER is covered by most Medicare and insurance plans, but some pharmacy coupons or cash prices may be lower. It is available in brand and generic versions. Dextroamphetamine is an amphetamine for the treatment of narcolepsy. [sources 5] Exercise leads to better treatment outcomes when used as an adjunct treatment, particularly for psychostimulant addictions. Dextroamphetamine is sometimes prescribed as the inactive prodrug lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, which is converted into dextroamphetamine after absorption. Dextroamphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant. [120], Additionally, research on the neurobiological effects of physical exercise suggests that daily aerobic exercise, especially endurance exercise (e.g., marathon running), prevents the development of drug addiction and is an effective adjunct therapy (i.e., a supplemental treatment) for amphetamine addiction. Further information on related compounds: Metabolic pathways of amphetamine in humans. Dextroamphetamine (brand name Dexedrine) is a prescription medication that is FDA-approved to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Approximately half of all brand name drugs on the market have generic versions. [146][147] Activation of TAAR1 increases cAMP production via adenylyl cyclase activation and inhibits the function of the dopamine transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and serotonin transporter, as well as inducing the release of these monoamine neurotransmitters (effluxion). [175], In the United States, immediate release (IR) formulations of dextroamphetamine sulfate are available generically as 5 mg and 10 mg tablets, marketed by Barr (Teva Pharmaceutical Industries), Mallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Wilshire Pharmaceuticals, Aurobindo Pharmaceutical USA and CorePharma. According to one review, amphetamine can be prescribed to individuals with a history of abuse provided that appropriate medication controls are employed, such as requiring daily pick-ups of the medication from the prescribing physician.