[74] Nevertheless, he set his children a strict regimen. [98] Faced with opposition to his religious reform policies from both the King and the British public, Pitt threatened to resign. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, were educated together by private tutors. His parents were Frederick, prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. Burke’s remedy was to urge that solidity should be given to a cabinet by the building up of party loyalty: the king as a binding agent was to be replaced by the organization of groups upon agreed principles. [8] Pitt concentrated on forming a coalition with Austria, Russia, and Sweden. "The Reign of George III in Recent Historiography". [7] At age 10, George took part in a family production of Joseph Addison's play Cato and said in the new prologue: "What, tho' a boy! George III . [1][8] They had 15 children—nine sons and six daughters. The news confirmed George's opinion that he had been right to introduce the law: Maria was related to his political opponents. To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn, except for the tea duty, which in George's words was "one tax to keep up the right [to levy taxes]". [115] At Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk. He succeeded to the throne at the age of 22 and earnestly set himself to cle… The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending, but refused to bind themselves in the future. Instead, he worked toward abolition in an individual capacity. 322–328; Fraser, pp. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. On 1 January 1801, the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland merged, which resulted in the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. [116] He died at Windsor Castle at 8:38 pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn. Subscribe Now. When King George III succeeded to the throne of Great Britain upon the death of his grandfather, George II, he was 22 years old and unmarried. While very popular at the start of his reign, by the mid-1770s George had lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists,[123] though it has been estimated that as many as half of the colonists remained loyal. The French Revolution of 1789, in which the French monarchy had been overthrown, worried many British landowners. "Reinterpreting the Reign of George III". England and Scotland had been in personal union since 24 March 1603. "[67], With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became Prime Minister for the second time but died within months. 92–93, 267–273, 302–305, 317. On 8 September 1761 in the Chapel Royal, St James's Palace, the King married Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, whom he met on their wedding day. The bill was rejected by the Lords; three days later, the Portland ministry was dismissed, and William Pitt the Younger was appointed Prime Minister, with Temple as his Secretary of State. As he was born two months prematurely and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker, who was both Rector of St James's and Bishop of Oxford. Though mindful of the restraints […] The third monarch from the House of Hanover, George was just twenty-two years old when he succeeded his grandfather, George II, as king in 1760. [31] Of his art collection, the two most notable purchases are Johannes Vermeer's Lady at the Virginals and a set of Canalettos, but it is as a collector of books that he is best remembered. The colonies declared their independence in July 1776, listing twenty-seven grievances against the British king and legislature while asking the support of the populace. If this were the case it would render his later marriage to Queen Charlotte bigamous and his offspring by his Queen illegitimate. George instructed them not only to drop the measure, but also to agree never to set up such a measure again. "[104] A courtier wrote on 13 November that, "The King is really prepared to take the field in case of attack, his beds are ready and he can move at half an hour's warning. [13][14], In 1759, George was smitten with Lady Sarah Lennox, sister of Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond, but Lord Bute advised against the match and George abandoned his thoughts of marriage. 106–111, Ayling, pp. Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. While both agreed that it would be most reasonable for George III's eldest son George, Prince of Wales, to act as regent, to Pitt's consternation Fox suggested that it was the Prince of Wales's absolute right to act on his ill father's behalf with full powers. George III (r. 1760-1820) George III was born on 4 June 1738 in London, the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. George III became heir to the throne on the death of his father in 1751, succeeding his grandfather, … [97] It was suggested that George adopt the title "Emperor of the British Isles", but he refused. The setbacks in Europe took a toll on Pitt's health and he died in 1806, reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry. After further victories in Northumberland and North Wales, he is recognised by the title Bretwalda (Anglo-Saxon, … In the 1790s, the King and his family took holidays at Weymouth, Dorset,[20] which he thus popularised as one of the first seaside resorts in England. In 1762, George purchased Buckingham House (on the site now occupied by Buckingham Palace) for use as a family retreat. The First Coalition to oppose revolutionary France, which included Austria, Prussia, and Spain, broke up in 1795 when Prussia and Spain made separate peace with France. Charlotte’s future was decided in 1760, when the 22-year-old George III succeeded his grandfather on the English throne. The Treaties of Paris, by which Britain recognised the independence of the American states and returned Florida to Spain, were signed in 1782 and 1783. He was a monarch of the House of Hanover, but unlike his two predecessors, he was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language,[1] and never visited Hanover.[2]. Neither lady was ever received at court. He was the grandson of King George II, and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. He died later in the same year. His son reigned as King of England for ten years before his death and was succeeded by George III's granddaughter. [29] He aided the Royal Academy of Arts with large grants from his private funds,[30] and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity. George III succeeded his grandfather, George II, to the throne of Great Britain on October 25, 1760. George III died at Windsor Castle on 29 January 1820, after a reign of almost 60 years - the third longest in British history, and was succeeded by his son George IV. For ancient British monarchs, see, Dates of start of reign and coronation given in. Liverpool oversaw British victory in the Napoleonic Wars. He was succeeded by George II, George III, George IV, William IV, and Victoria. The King then appointed Lord Shelburne to replace him. . In October 1801, he made peace with the French, and in 1802 signed the Treaty of Amiens. [21], George, in his accession speech to Parliament, proclaimed: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain. Ayling, pp. 1783 (12th August) George reached the age of 21 and was granted an allowance from the Civil List and another allowance from his father. [117] George III was buried on 16 February in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.[118][119]. Succeeded by: his grandson George III. Wilkes was again expelled from Parliament. Despite signs of a recovery in May 1811, by the end of the year George had become permanently insane and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death.[114]. The Declaration's wording has contributed to the American public's perception of George as a tyrant. He then continued as duke until the Congress of Vienna declared him "King of Hanover" in 1814. [109], In late 1810, at the height of his popularity,[110] already virtually blind with cataracts and in pain from rheumatism, George III became dangerously ill. [8] As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain legal disabilities that applied to Roman Catholics. [63], As late as the Siege of Charleston in 1780, Loyalists could still believe in their eventual victory, as British troops inflicted heavy defeats on the Continental forces at the Battle of Camden and the Battle of Guilford Court House. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established. [43] Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767, and Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, took over the government, although he did not formally become Prime Minister until 1768. 272–282; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 498, Ayling, pp. His godparents were King Frederick I of Sweden (for whom Lord Baltimore stood proxy), his uncle Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha (for whom Lord Carnarvon stood proxy), and his great-aunt Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia (for whom Lady Charlotte Edwin stood proxy). Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle, Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, petitions to the Crown for intervention with Parliament, William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, Voyages: The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database, English and British Sovereigns had maintained, United States Declaration of Independence, Descendants of George III and Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of Württemberg, Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Princess Frederica, Baroness von Pawel-Rammingen, Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Prince of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick and Prince of Hanover, Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Princess Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Celle, John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach, Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst, Cultural depictions of George III of the United Kingdom, "The acute mania of King George III: A computational linguistic analysis", "Reasons for the success of the abolitionist campaign in 1807", "Black Abolitionists and the end of the transatlantic slave trade", "Nelson, Trafalgar, and those who served", "Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family", online 90-minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player, "The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria", "Porphyria in the Royal Houses of Stuart, Hanover, and Prussia", George III papers, including references to madhouses and insanity from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society, Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops, Prince Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale, Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_III&oldid=1010896110, British people of the American Revolution, Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with TePapa identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with multiple identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [36] With the American colonists generally unburdened by British taxes, the government thought it appropriate for them to pay towards the defence of the colonies against native uprisings and the possibility of French incursions. [100] On 14 March 1801, Pitt was formally replaced by the Speaker of the House of Commons, Henry Addington. George's life and reign, which were longer than those of any of his predecessors, were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. [45], George was deeply devout and spent hours in prayer,[46] but his piety was not shared by his brothers. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people." [68] George III was distressed at having to appoint ministers not of his liking, but the Portland ministry quickly built up a majority in the House of Commons, and could not be displaced easily. [85], During most of his reign, King George III opposed the abolitionist movement. "[56] The King wanted to "keep the rebels harassed, anxious, and poor, until the day when, by a natural and inevitable process, discontent and disappointment were converted into penitence and remorse". Charles James Fox, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland. Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George has been nicknamed Farmer George An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year, compared to an average of twenty-five shillings (50 times as much) in England. Smith, Robert A. They were expected to attend rigorous lessons from seven in the morning, and to lead lives of religious observance and virtue. Addington opposed emancipation, instituted annual accounts, abolished income tax and began a programme of disarmament. George remarkably never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck. In: Elizabeth Chapin Furber, ed. [97] His style became "George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith. 36–37; Brooke, p. 49; Hibbert, p. 31, Ayling, p. 378; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 518. The Proclamation Line did not bother the majority of settled farmers, but it was unpopular with a vocal minority and ultimately contributed to conflict between the colonists and the British government. Following his conquest of Mercia in 827, he controlled all of England south of the Humber. Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper, those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax. Wilkes was eventually arrested for seditious libel but he fled to France to escape punishment; he was expelled from the House of Commons, and found guilty in absentia of blasphemy and libel. George used the opportunity to abandon the title "king of France", which English and British Sovereigns had maintained since the reign of Edward III. The King considered her inappropriate as a royal bride: she was from a lower social class and German law barred any children of the couple from the Hanoverian succession. Succeeded by: his brother William IV George IV as Prince of Wales was Regent from 1810 to 1820 during his father’s period of insanity. In his view the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, Princess Amelia. The subsequent Congress of Vienna led to significant territorial gains for Hanover, which was upgraded from an electorate to a kingdom. The source of the arsenic is not known, but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics. [54], George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the revolutionaries in America, despite the opinions of his own ministers. George III claimed that to emancipate Catholics would be to violate his coronation oath, in which Sovereigns promise to maintain Protestantism. However, Richard III was killed at the Battle of Bosworth Field, and he was succeeded by the victor of the battle, Henry Tudor, 2nd Earl of Richmond, a descendant in a legitimated line of John of Gaunt. The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament, including among George's own ministers, but passed as the Royal Marriages Act 1772. George III was born on 4 June 1738 in London, son of Frederick, Prince of Wales and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. She became monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain after the political union of England and Scotland on 1 May 1707.Her total reign lasted for 12 years and 146 days. [42], Lord Rockingham, with the support of Pitt and the King, repealed Grenville's unpopular Stamp Act, but his government was weak and he was replaced in 1766 by Pitt, whom George created Earl of Chatham. For two centuries after George II's death, history tended to view him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper, and boorishness. A brief lull in hostilities allowed Pitt to concentrate effort on Ireland, where there had been an uprising and attempted French landing in 1798. However, in 1751 the Prince died unexpectedly from a lung injury at the age of 44, and his son George became heir apparent to the throne and inherited his father's title of Duke of Edinburgh. George was succeeded by two of his sons, George IV and William IV, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent, Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover. [80] The King may have had a brief episode of disease in 1765, but a longer episode began in the summer of 1788. [75] When his children strayed from George's own principles of righteousness, as his sons did as young adults, he was dismayed and disappointed. One month later, he was publicly baptised at Norfolk House, again by Secker. [57] Later historians defend George by saying in the context of the times no king would willingly surrender such a large territory,[8][58] and his conduct was far less ruthless than contemporary monarchs in Europe. Temple's departure destabilised the government, and three months later the government lost its majority and Parliament was dissolved; the subsequent election gave Pitt a firm mandate. [108] They were dismissed and replaced by William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland, as the nominal Prime Minister, with actual power being held by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Spencer Perceval. George III made no further major political decisions during his reign; the replacement of Portland by Perceval in 1809 was of little actual significance. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was "certainly criminal". Pitt sought to appoint Fox to his ministry, but George refused. Johann George III; Elector of Saxony; Reign: 22 August 1680 – 12 September 1691: Predecessor: John George II: Successor: John George IV In 1708 he took part in the Battle of Oudenarde in Belgium against the French. [3], George was born in London at Norfolk House in St James's Square. George III was the first Hanoverian king born in England rather than Germany. His eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent until his father's death, when he succeeded as George IV. George II reigned until 1760 but took little interest in politics during the last decade of his life. Wheeler, H. F. B.; Broadley, A. M. (1908). Only Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II lived and reigned longer. After King George III’s long reign, he was succeeded by his eldest son King George IV and then his 3rd son King William IV. In his view the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, Princess Amelia. After 26 of Ireland's 32 counties left the union on 6 December 1922, in order to form the Irish Free State, the name of the nation was amended to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 12 April 1927. For a family tree that shows George I's relationship to Anne, see George I of Great Britain § Family tree. [86] Pitt conversely wished to see slavery abolished but because the Cabinet was divided and the King was in the pro-slavery camp,[87][88] Pitt decided to refrain from making abolition a cabinet measure. "The American Revolution Reconsidered.". When King George III of Britain succeeded to the throne in 1760, he was 22 and unmarried and the 17 year old Princess Charlotte was an obvious choice for a wife. In 1783, the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the Fox–North Coalition. Historical analysis of George III's life has gone through a "kaleidoscope of changing views" that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them. Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799–1851; married 1815, (1) Married 1793, in contravention of the. EGBERT 827 – 839Egbert (Ecgherht) was the first monarch to establish a stable and extensive rule over all of Anglo-Saxon England. He did not travel extensively and spent his entire life in southern England. [71] During and after Pitt's ministry, George III was extremely popular in Britain. 1760 (late) 349–350; Carretta, p. 285; Fraser, p. 282; Hibbert, pp. Much of his reign, which lasted from 1760 to 1820, was colored by his ongoing problems with mental illness. When William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781, he at first named it Georgium Sidus (George's Star) after the King, who later funded the construction and maintenance of Herschel's 1785 40-foot telescope, which was the biggest ever built at the time. United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Lüneburg-Celle, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, Alternative successions of the English crown, List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign, List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death, "British Royal Family History – Kings and Queens", "English Monarchs – A complete history of the Kings and Queens of England", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_British_monarchs&oldid=1008743548, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows, Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 February 2021, at 21:00. The new king was the first of the Hanoverian line to be born in England. It was succeeded by the house of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, which was renamed the house of Windsor in 1917. In November he became seriously deranged, sometimes speaking for many hours without pause, causing him to foam at the mouth and making his voice hoarse. Thus the early years of George III produced, inadvertently, the germ of modern party politics. "[105] George wrote to his friend Bishop Hurd, "We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion ... Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine, and my other armed subjects, to repel them. King George III dies Ten years after mental illness forced him to retire from public life, King George III, the British king who lost the American colonies, dies at the age of 81. [48] In 1773, the tea ships moored in Boston Harbor were boarded by colonists and the tea was thrown overboard, an event that became known as the Boston Tea Party. He became heir to the throne on the death of his father in 1751, succeeding his grandfather, George II, in 1760. Grenville pushed through the Slave Trade Act 1807, which passed both houses of Parliament with large majorities. In 1770, his brother Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, was exposed as an adulterer, and the following year Cumberland married a young widow, Anne Horton.
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